Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF)

It can be considered when imaging suggests nerve root compression due to disc herniation or osteophytes, resulting in persistent neck and shoulder pain, radiating pain in the upper limbs, or progressive weakness, and when standard conservative treatment has limited effectiveness. The decision is usually based on the number of segments involved, cervical instability or kyphosis, the degree of spinal canal/intervertebral foramen stenosis, bone quality, and overall health. The availability of suitable bone grafting and instrumentation conditions will also affect the choice of treatment.