Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD, Early Stage)

Mostly considered for early lesions limited to the mucosa or superficial submucosa with a low risk of lymph node metastasis. Decisions depend on endoscopic ultrasound, enhanced imaging, and biopsy results, combined with lesion size, degree of differentiation, presence of ulceration, and the patient's coagulation and comorbidities; if radical criteria are not met, additional surgery or other treatments may be required.