Awake Craniotomy with Functional Mapping and Maximal Safe Resection

This procedure can be considered when the glioma is located in or suspected of involving functional areas such as language and motor areas, and imaging evaluation suggests the presence of a resection window, in order to balance resection and functional protection. The decision is based on tumor grade and extent, relationship with important fiber bundles, previous treatment response, overall health and anesthesia tolerance, and whether intraoperative navigation and electrical stimulation monitoring are available.