Minimally Invasive/Direct Surgical Repair/Patch Repair

Surgical repair may be considered when the atrial septal defect (ASD) anatomy is not suitable for transcatheter closure, such as significantly deficient margins, large/multiple defects, associated intracardiac malformations, or when other heart problems need to be addressed simultaneously. The decision focuses on defect type and size, pulmonary vascular resistance, general condition and surgical tolerance, and a comprehensive assessment of family care resources and rehabilitation feasibility.