Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery/Ureteroscopy with Holmium Laser Lithotripsy (RIRS/URS)

Ureteroscopy/retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS/URS) may be considered when medium-sized stones are located in the ureter or renal pelvis and calyx, are not suitable for or have failed to be cleared by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, and the urinary tract anatomy allows. The decision is based on stone size, location, density, infection control, kidney function, and bleeding risk, as evaluated by a specialist.