Percutaneous Cystolithotripsy (PCCL)

Percutaneous cystolithotripsy may be considered when stones are large, numerous, or hard, or when urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia, or other conditions limit the transurethral approach. The choice is based on a combination of factors such as stone characteristics, lower urinary tract anatomy, previous surgery and infection history, anesthesia assessment, and whether other problems need to be addressed concurrently.