High Orchidopexy with Staged Vessel Ligation (Fowler-Stephens)

Laparoscopic exploration and staged fixation may be considered when the testicle is located high in the abdomen, is non-palpable, or the single-stage traction is too tense. The decision is based on imaging and endoscopic findings, spermatic cord length and blood supply, previous treatment, age and overall health, and is comprehensively assessed by a specialist in combination with family itinerary and feasibility.