Surgical Pulmonary Valve Replacement

Surgical replacement may be considered for patients with moderate to severe pulmonary valve regurgitation and symptoms or right ventricular enlargement/dysfunction, and the anatomy is not suitable for transcatheter replacement, or when right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction, repair of other valve/congenital heart defects needs to be performed simultaneously. The choice of mechanical or bioprosthetic valve is influenced by factors such as age, bleeding risk, ability to take long-term anticoagulation, imaging measurements, and comorbidities.